Gyotaku, or “fish rubbing,” is a fascinating and traditional Japanese art form with humble beginnings. Over a century ago, it emerged as a practical method for fishermen to document their catches. Using non-toxic sumi ink applied directly to one side of a freshly caught fish, they would then press rice paper onto the inked surface to create a detailed and accurate impression. This ingenious technique served a dual purpose: preserving a record of fish species and sizes while allowing the fish to still be prepared for consumption. These early Fish Prints, though utilitarian in nature, were remarkably lifelike, capturing even the subtle textures and patterns of the fish. Over time, this simple black ink printing process evolved into a more elaborate art form, incorporating vibrant colors and contextual environmental elements.
For educators, fish print art, or Gyotaku (pronounced Gee-oh-tak-oo), offers an engaging and hands-on approach to teaching both children and adults about fundamental fish anatomy. During a fish printing activity, you can readily discuss various anatomical features such as fins, gills, eyes, and the lateral line. For instance, compare and contrast human swimming with fish locomotion, highlighting how fish propel themselves through water using their caudal fin.
In a recent educational program at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, we adapted the traditional method by utilizing rubber fish replicas and tempera paint instead of real fish and sumi ink. These replicas are readily available online through a simple web search for “Gyotaku fish printing supplies.” We applied tempera paint using brushes to the rubber fish and then carefully pressed white paper onto the painted surface. Maintaining a steady hand while pressing and rubbing the paper is crucial for a clear print. Mastering the right amount of paint application takes practice – too much paint can lead to blurry and smeared prints, while too little may result in an incomplete transfer.
A volunteer at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History guides a young visitor in learning about fish anatomy through Gyotaku-style fish printing. (Smithsonian Institution)
One of the most captivating prints we created was of a flounder. While working with a museum visitor on their print, I explained the unique way flounders swim, moving parallel to the seabed. I further elaborated that flounders, like all flatfish, possess a distinctive characteristic: both eyes are situated on the same side of their body, while the opposite side remains blind. Interestingly, flounder begin their lives resembling typical fish. It’s during their skull development that one eye migrates to the other side, resulting in their flattened form.
To enhance the educational aspect of fish printing, consider creating a “species identification card” to accompany each print. As shown in the image on the left, our volunteers assisted visitors in attaching these cards to their artwork. These cards included the common name of the fish, its scientific species or family name, and concise facts about its habitat and geographical range. For those interested in implementing this activity, the Chesapeake Bay Program offers a comprehensive list of necessary materials and straightforward instructions.
If you are keen to watch a video demonstration using a real fish, Order Street Studio provides an excellent tutorial that covers all the steps, from stabilizing the fish to preparing it for printing. For educators seeking to align a fish printing activity with educational standards, the Allen Memorial Art Museum provides a valuable lesson plan.
Tags: Fish Print, Gyotaku, Art Education, Nature Printing, Japanese Art
